As an indispensable energy device in modern life and industry, batteries are of various types and widely used. Different types of batteries have their own unique standard voltage due to their different chemical composition and structural design. Understanding the standard voltage of various batteries is of great significance for correctly selecting batteries, designing circuits and ensuring the safe operation of equipment. This article will systematically introduce the standard voltage of common batteries and briefly explain their application characteristics.

I. Standard voltage of dry battery

1. Zinc-carbon battery (zinc-carbon battery)

zinc-carbon battery is the most traditional and common dry battery type, which is widely used in low-power devices such as remote control and flashlights. The standard voltage of its single cell is usually 1.5V (V). This is because it is extremely manganese dioxide, the negative electrode is zinc, and the electrolyte is an acidic solution, which jointly determines the voltage output of 1.5V.

The advantage is low cost, the disadvantage is that the capacity and life are limited, and the voltage drops obviously under the condition of high discharge rate.

2. Alkaline battery

alkaline battery is an upgraded version of zinc-carbon battery, using potassium hydroxide as electrolyte, the positive electrode is also manganese dioxide, and the negative electrode is zinc powder. The standard voltage of its single battery is also 1.5V, but compared with zinc-carbon battery, alkaline battery hasHigher capacity, longer life and more stable discharge voltage.

Alkaline batteries are widely used in digital cameras, toys and portable electronic devices.

II. Standard voltage of nickel battery

1. Nickel-cadmium battery (Ni-Cd)

nickel-cadmium battery is a rechargeable battery. The positive material is nickel hydroxide, the negative electrode is cadmium, and the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide. Its standard voltage is 1.2V, slightly lower than that of carbon zinc and alkaline batteries.

Nickel-cadmium battery has the advantages of stable charging and discharging performance, low temperature resistance and long cycle life, but it contains toxic cadmium elements and has a high environmental protection pressure.

2. Ni-MH battery (Ni-MH)

NI-MH battery is also rechargeable battery, the positive electrode is nickel hydroxide, the negative electrode is hydrogen storage alloy, and the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide. The standard voltage is also 1.2V.

NI-MH battery has larger capacity and better environmental protection than Ni-Cd battery, and is widely used in digital cameras, electric tools and hybrid motion.Li automobile.

III. Standard voltage of lithium ion battery

lithium ion battery is one of the most widely used rechargeable batteries at present, which is favored because of its high energy density and long service life. According to different cathode materials, the standard voltage varies.

1. Lithium cobalt oxide batteries (LiCoO2)

this is the most common type of lithium ion battery, and the standard voltage is about 3.6V to 3.7V. Lithium cobalt oxide batteries high energy density, suitable for mobile phones, laptops and other portable devices.

2. Lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO4)

the standard voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery is about 3.2V to 3.3V. Although the energy density is slightly lower, it has extremely high safety and cycle life, and is commonly used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

3. Lithium manganese oxide battery (LiMn2O4)

the standard voltage of lithium manganate battery is about 3.7V, which has good thermal stability and high work performance.Rate Density, suitable for electric tools and electric vehicles.

4. Ternary lithium battery (NCM/NCA)

ternary lithium battery combines the cathode materials of nickel, cobalt, manganese or nickel, cobalt and aluminum, and the standard voltage is about 3.6V to 3.7V, which combines high energy density and good cycle performance, widely used in high-performance electric vehicles.

IV. Standard voltage of lead-acid battery

lead-acid battery is a mature rechargeable battery, which is widely used in automobile startup, power reserve and emergency supply. The standard voltage of single cell is 2.0V.

Lead-acid battery consists of lead and lead dioxide as electrodes and sulfuric acid as electrolyte. It has the advantages of low cost and mature manufacturing process, but it has low energy density and large volume.

V. Standard voltage of lithium polymer battery

lithium polymer battery (LiPo) is a variant of lithium ion battery, which uses solid or gel electrolyte and has flexible design advantages. The standard voltage is generally the same as that of lithium ion batteries, about 3.7V.

VI. Standard voltage of lithium metal battery

lithium metal battery lithium metal is used as the negative electrode, with various positive electrode materials, and the standard voltage is usually between 3.0V and 3.7V. Because of its extremely high energy density, it is commonly used in aerospace, military equipment and high-end electronic products.

However, due to the limitation of safety and charging performance, lithium metal batteries are mainly used for disposable batteries.

VII. Standard voltage of button cell

button cell is compact and widely used in watches, calculator and medical equipment. Common types and their standard voltages are as follows:

• lithium button battery: 3.0V, using lithium metal as negative electrode, high energy density and long service life.
• Silver oxide battery: 1.55V, with stable discharge curve, suitable for precision instruments. </span>
• zinc oxide air cell: 1.4V, mainly used for hearing aids, with extremely high energy density.

VIII. Summary and Comparison

knowing the standard voltage of various batteries is helpful to correctly select and use batteries and ensure the normal operation and safe operation of electronic equipment. Different types of batteries show different voltage characteristics and application advantages due to their different chemical characteristics and structures. Reasonable matching of equipment requirements and battery performance is the key to achieving high efficiency and long service life.