-100℃ battery "refers special batteries that can still work or maintain some performance under extremely low temperature (about-100℃), this kind of battery is usually used deep space exploration, polar scientific investigation, aerostat, outer space satellite, cryogenic military equipment and other extreme environments.

I. Classification of-100℃ batteries

1. Special Lithium primary battery (non-rechargeable)

this is the main type that can work reliably at-100℃.
Representative system:

• li-SOCl lithium-thionyl chloride battery

• operating temperature range:-80 ℃ ~ +150 ℃

• optimized (NASA / Saft / Tadiran customized version) can reach-100 ℃

• energy density: 400~700 Wh/kg

• typical models: Tadiran TL-5930, Saft LS33600, etc.

• Advantages: extremely high energy density, low self-discharge rate (& lt; 1%/year)

• disadvantages: non-rechargeable. Discharge current is limited by temperature

• li-SO lithium-sulfur dioxide battery

• temperature Range:-80 ℃ ~ +60 ℃

• military models are commonly used in extremely cold communication equipment

• advantages: Low-temperature discharge performance is better than SOCl... system

• disadvantages: the energy density is slightly lower, and the safety needs to prevent gas leakage.

2. Special lithium secondary battery (rechargeable)

low temperature charge and discharge is very difficult, currently through material modification and electrolyte optimization can realize-60 ℃ ~-80 ℃ operation, -100 ℃ still belongs to laboratory-level technology.

Representative system:

• modified lithium metal battery (solid or semi-solid)

• laboratory achievements (NASA, MIT, Tsinghua University, National Defense University, etc.) have been able to achieve limited discharge at-100℃

• theoretical energy density:>400 Wh/kg

• disadvantages: very few commercialization and limited cycle life

• low temperature lithium iron phosphate system (LFP -100℃)

• conventional LFP can only reach about-40 ℃

• by adding ultra-low temperature electrolyte (such as ethyl butyrate + low temperature additives), graphite modified anode can be reduced to-60 ℃ ~-70 ℃

• heating system assistance is required at-100℃ (internal heating film or self-heating BMS)

II. Key technical means

III. Typical application fields

IV. Domestic research and development progress (2024~2025)

• institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Tsinghua University: developed that-100 ℃ can still discharge more than 30% of capacity high fluorine electrolyte solid lithium battery.

• National University of Defense Technology/Aerospace fifth Academy: apply Li-SOCl system in sounding and low temperature power supply projects and develop intelligent heating + adiabatic battery pack the solution can be maintained at an external temperature of-100 ℃ and a temperature of cell>-40 ℃.

• **Some military enterprises (such as aerospace era power supply and BYD special power supply division)** are developing a "self-heating lithium battery system" suitable for extremely cold unmanned equipment ".

Summary suggestions